E-Manual (SUPER WORM HOTEL) - PDF Flipbook
E-Manual (SUPER WORM HOTEL)
105 Views
19 Downloads
PDF 16,417,889 Bytes
SUPER WORM
HHOOTTEELL
Prepared by Wenhui , Fong , Weikee , Huishan
Edited by Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin & Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin
Copyright © 2020 Universiti Malaya
No part of publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means ‒ for example, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission from Universiti Malaya.
DISCLAIMER: The views and opinions expressed in this E-manual are solely those
of the authors and do not represent the views of the Universiti Malaya.
SUPER WORM
HHOOTTEELL
Prepared by Wenhui , Fong , Weikee , Huishan
Edited by Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin & Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin
About Authors
FONG SIAU QI LEE HUI SHAN LIM WEI KEE LIM WEN HUI
- Born in Dungun, - Born in Pulau Pinang, - Born in Batu Pahat, Johor, - Born in Tapah Road,
Terengganu, Malaysia. Malaysia. Perak, Malaysia.
- Student for Bachelor of Malaysia.
Science in Architecture, - Student for Bachelor of - Student for Bachelor of - Student for Bachelor of
Science in Architecture, Science in Architecture,
University Malaya. Science in Architecture, University Malaya. University Malaya.
- Hobbies: Drawing University Malaya. - Hobbies: Crafting and
- Hobbies: Painting, Watching watching drama
Watching shows - Hobbies: Drawing, Watching dramas or anime
Sleeping dramas
Editors
ATI ROSEMARY BINTI MOHD ARIFFIN
Senior Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built
Environment, University of Malaya.
ADI AINURZAMAN BIN JAMALUDIN
Senior Lecturer, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of
Science, University of Malaya.
PREFACE
This E-manual is to teach you on the knowledges on vermicomposting and
encourage you to make your own worm bin with us! If you are wondering on
what is ‘vermicomposting’, we believe that this E-manual can give you the answer.
Don’t worry that this E-manual is boring, inside there are variety of attractive and
cute images for you to understand this book easily.
Had you wondered on how to choose a right earthworm or what to feed them?
In this book, you would get know on these interesting facts in a clear and easy
manner, through form of pictures and even some cute cartoons!
No matter you are a kid, a teenager or even an adult, you’re welcomed to read
this E-manual! As long as you are interested to built a connection with the nature,
this book may helps. So, what do you waiting for? Let’s get started to read
through this book!
This e-manual is dedicated to those who are passionate and willing to
help us to obtain information through interview and surveys.
Let’s start our
worm journey now!
Hooray!!!
Contents
Introduction to Vermicomposting ………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Type of vermicompost…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Which Worms Are Best For Vermicomposting? ................................................ 5
How Does A Vermicompost Bin Work? ............................................................................. 7
How to Choose the Right Earthworm in Market? …………….…………………..….. 9
How Many Earthworms Do You Need to Start Your
Vermicompost Bin? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
Pros Of Doing Vermicomposting …………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
Materials and Apparatus to Start a Vermicompost Bin ……………...…… 19
Steps to DIY a Vermicompost Bin …………………………………………………………….………………..… 21
What to Feed? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25
What Not to Feed? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 26
Ways to Take Care of the Vermicompost Bin ………………………………...……….. 27
When to Harvest? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
Challenges or issues faced …………………………………………………………………………………………….……… 31
Notes to Parents and Teachers …………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
Introduction to Vermicomposting
Mum, do you know
what is composting?
Sure, Let me explained it.
Composting is a complex interaction between
the waste and the microorganisms. In this
process, the microorganisms such as bacteria,,
fungi and actinomycetes will break down the
organic matter.
Then, how about the meaning
of vermicomposting?
Vermicomposting is a process of using worms
and microorganisms to turn the organic
matter, specially food waste into black,
earthy-smelling and nutrient-rich humus which is
known as vermicompost.
GLOSSARY
Interaction - interaksi
1
If you want to create your vermicompost bin, do follow the A.D.A.M principle as shown below.
A Living organisms such as microbes, fungi, worms and other
creatures are needed by the compost to break down the
ALIVENESS food waste to release minerals and nutrients for
production of rich-soil like compost.
D A variety of ingredients such as food waste which are
riched in nitrogen and garden waste are added into the
DIVERSITY worm bin. After all, variety is the spice of life! However,
you should remember that organic waste that is too acidic
A is not suitable for vermicomposting.
The compost is aerated regularly to prevent it from
AERATION become smelly.
M As all living things need water, make sure the compost is not
too wet or too dry.
MOISTURE
GLOSSARY
Aerated - Diudarakan
Creature - Makhluk
2
Types of Vermicompost
Mum, why there are Generally, there are three types of
some vermicomposting vermicomposting systems and each of
done in one layer and them are categorised by how the
some are done in worms move to the source of new
multilayers? And why food either vertically or horizontally.
some of the worm bins
are set up vertically and
some are set up
horizontally?
1. Non-continuous
How is the look of non-continuous vermicomposting
system?
Look at the diagram on your left, if it is
non-continuous, it only consists of one container.
Therefore, the worms cannot move to another “layer”.
3
2. Continuous, vertical flow Ventilation holes
Lid
Third working This vermicomposting system can be used easily.
tray Earthworms will move vertically towards the new
Second working food source. For example, Wormtopia and Can O
tray Worms Systems.
First working
tray
Collector tray 3. Continuous, horizontal flow
Tap
SCREENED
COMPOST
COMPOST
In this vermicomposting system, earthworms will move
horizontally to the new food source. It is usually placed
outdoor without any restriction as shown in the windrow
system on your right.
BULKING AGENT
FAN
4
Which Worms Are Best for Compositing?
Dear, do u know what As vermicomposting is a process of turning
makes the leading role in organic waste into high quality compost soil and
vermicomposting? fertilising liquid using earthworms,
EARTHWORMS would be the leading role in
Ermm… creating a worm farm.
Mum, can I use any types of
worms to make a worm farm?
Yes, you can. But there are some
species which are good for
vermicomposting.
In vermicomposting, earthworms speed up the
composting process, aerate the organic
material in the bin, and enhance the finished
compost with nutrients and enzymes from
their digestive tracts.
What are the best The best kind of earthworms to be used are red
kind of earthworms worms which are also known as red wigglers and
to be used for manure worms.
vermicomposting? These worms thrive in decomposing organic matter such
as leaf piles, compost heaps and old manure piles.
GLOSSARY Thrive - Membiak
Enhance - Meningkatkan
5
The common type of earthworms used are Dear, come. This is the
night crawlers. Compared to red worms, they common type of earthworm.
are larger in size. They are usually found on
the soil surfaces and are important as they
bring nutrients from deep soil onto the
surface.
Why red worms are better Redworms are extremely prolific. It takes
than night crawlers? about three weeks for fertilized eggs to
develop in a cocoon from which two or more
This is due to red worms have young worms can hatch. In three months the
higher speed of reproduction worms become sexually mature and will start
compared to nightcrawlers. breeding.
Besides red worms and night crawlers, another type of Hi, I am Perionyx
earthworms which can be used for vermicomposting excavatus.
are Perionyx excavatus, a type of commercially
produced earthworms.
GLOSSARY
Prolific - Subur
6
How Does A Vermicompost Bin Work?
In fact, 8000 to 12 000 worms can process
2.27 to 3.63 kg of food per week.
Hi everyone, do
you know how I
work?
Some shredded newspaper is placed on bottom
as bedding. Then, food scraps and worms are
added.
Almost all food scraps of this layer are
composted. When all foods are eaten, worms
will migrate towards new scraps.
7
Worm castings and moisture are left behind when worms CASTINGS
move towards new scraps. The castings are harvestable WORM TEA
and the moisture are collected in bottom reservoir.
Now, you can grab a handful of this nutritious 8
compost and place hungry plants!
The dark liquid collected at the bottom, the “worm
tea” is a very nutritious natural fertiliser. It can be
used to feed your baby fruits and vegetables in the
farm.
GLOSSARY
Harvestable - Boleh dituai atau dikumpulkan
How to Choose the Right Earthworm in Market?
When you are going to choose and buy the earthworms for certain purposes, you should ask yourself
a few questions:
1. What is your goal?
2. What are the types of earthworms to achieve the goal?
3. Will the earthworm thrives and survives in the area that you have selected?
1. What is your goal?
Generally, people start vermicomposting for
many reasons. They are
● Produce castings for gardening
● Produce worms as bait for fishing
● Reduce waste
● Make money with worms ot to increase
their income
9
2. What are the types of earthworms to achieve the goal?
Before selecting the earthworms which are suitable for you to make a
worm bin, you have to know that earthworm can be divided into two
types which are burrowing types and non-burrowing types. The
characteristics for these two types of earthworm are shown in the
table below.
(Source: Extract from Nagavaliemma et al., 2004.)
10
After understanding the characteristics of the burrowing earthworms and non-burrowing earthworms,
you should learn the six species of earthworms which are commonly used for vermicomposting.
a. Red Wigglers (Eisenia foetida) Photos from
Red wiggler, also known as Tigger worm, Garlic Capt (Rtd) Kamarul Zaman Hj Bachik
worm, Manure worm and Branding worm is the
most commonly used composting earthworm. It can
compost a large amount of organic matter and can
eat it’s body weight in a day under ideal condition. It
has a rapid reproduction rate with great tolerance
in any growing conditions.
b. Red Worms (Lumbricus rubellus)
Retrieved from Red worm, also known as Blood worm and Red wiggler
https://plus2vers.com/en/vermicomposting- (always get confused but in fact is different from
worm-composting/worm-species/ Eisenia foetida) is good composting worm as it can
consume a large amount of organic material although less
than red wigglers. It is very effective at aerating and
mixing the soil. It is very active in sunlight and is always
found in decomposing animal manure and compost piles.
c. Red Tiger (Eisenia andrei)
Red Tiger, also known as Tigger worm and Red 11
Tiger Hybrid is an excellent composting worm
which is very active in sunlight. Due to its ability
to exude coelomic fluid which can attract fish,
it is often used as a bait.
Retrieved from
1.https://www.wormshed.com.au/our-produ
cts/worms
2.https://alchetron.com/Eisenia-andrei
d. Blue Worms (Perionyx excavatus) Retrieved from
Blue worm, in other names Indian Blue and https://plus2vers.com/en/vermicom
Malaysian Blue, is becoming popular as composting posting-worm-composting/worm-sp
earthworm in recent years. It performs well in ecies/
warm climates but dislike the cold. Unlike red
wigglers, it is very sensitive to changes in growing
condition although it can eat large amount of
organic matters and reproduces rapidly. When
there is slightly change in bin, it will leave the bin.
Retrieved from e. African Nightcrawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae)
https://plus2vers.com/en/vermicompos African Nightcrawler which is also known as giant night
ting-worm-composting/worm-species/ crawler is a good composting worm but is very sensitive
to changes in environment. If the growing conditions are
not prefered by this earthworm, it will move out of the
bin in less than one day. It can perform better in warmer
climate but not good in area with temperature less than
10˚C. In addition, it cannot eat much organic matter as Red
Wiggler, Red Worm and Red Tiger.
12
f. Nightcrawlers (Lumbricus terristris) Retrieved from
Nightcrawler is a type of earthworm which is the most 1. https://cardiovasculardreamte
commonly found in yard and garden. It is not particularly am.weebly.com/nightcrawler-l
good in vermicomposting as it prefers undisturbed umbricus-terrestris.html
burrows and likes to eat things on top of soil. Instead, it is 2. Book from Adi Ainurzaman
popular bait earthworm due to its large size and can be Jamaludin
placed onto fish hook easily. It is also easy to be raised
and has a great tolerance in various growing conditions.
g. White Worms (Enchytraeids)
Retrieved from White Worm which is also known as Potworm is often
https://www.thefishguide.com/white-wo mistook as baby worm due to its tiny size (6.35 mm to
rms-enchytraeids-live-fish-food// 12.70mm in size). It will not harm the composting worms.
Instead, it helps in eating and decomposing the organic
materials in vermicomposting although it has no enzyme to
digest the organic materials ingested. It feeds primarily on
soil bacteria and fungi. However, it also feed on dead
organic materials and small faeces. It prefers acid soils.
If there is a large number of white worms, this indicates
that your soil is very acidic.
13
2. What are the types of earthworms to achieve the Hi, I’m Red I’m Indian Blue!
goal? Wiggler! I’m African
nightcrawler!
If your goal is environmental friendly where
you want to reduce waste using earthworms,
the earthworms commonly used: are:
● Red Worms (Lumbricus Rubellus) Hi, I’m Red
● Tiger Worms (Eisenia Foetida) Worm!!
● Malayan Blue (Perionyx Excavatus)
● African Nightcrawler (Eudrilus Eugeniae)
3. Will the earthworm thrives and survives in the area
that you have selected?
Although Red Wiggler is a universal suggestion for
vermicomposting, there are many situation where the
earthworms will work differently.
Hence, what you need to do is to taking into
consideration the environmental condition of the area
in order to choose the right and the most suitable
earthworms for vermicomposting.
14
How Many Worms Do You Need to Start Your
Vermicompost Bin?
Vermicomposting is the use of earthworms to produce beneficial castings by composting organic
matter. In this case, the number of earthworms play an essential role in determining the amount of
vermicast produced.
I would like to create A good rule of thumb for the number of earthworms
a worm farm. But, required is
how many worms do I
need? 0.45 kg of earthworms per 0.093 m2of bins being used.
Besides that, it can also be calculated as
0.45 kg of earthworms per 0.45 kg of food waste
where there are about 1000 earthworms in one pound.
However, there are a lot of things to be considered when deciding on the number of earthworms used
for vermicomposting.
1 POUND (0.45KG) : 1FT² (0.093M²)
Firstly, the size of bins. The general rule followed is
0.45kg of earthworms per 0.093 m2 of bins. However,
there are two caveats to this approach:
1. Earthworms can reproduce very quickly. You have 15
to get ready to transplant some of them to the
other bins so that you will not overpopulate them.
2. Make sure that the amount of food supplied is
enough to meet the feeding demands.
Secondly, it would be the QUANTITY OF FOOD WASTE.
You can purchase worms based on the amount of food
scraps.
In fact, red wigglers can eat about half their weight of
food per day. This means that if you have 4 pounds of
food waste, you will need 2 pounds of worm. Is it easier
to be understood?
HOW IF THERE ARE TOO MANY WORMS IN COMPOST?
It is important to get the right number of worms when
starting out a worm bin. Why?
YESSS! It’s to avoid overfeeding or lead to the situation of
not having enough food for them to eat.
When there are too many worms, there will be not enough
food and even space for the worms.
For red wigglers, when there is insufficient food, they will
slow down their reproduction and the adult worms will start
to die off to produce space for their babies.
*Hence, when you suspect and realise that there are too many of worms in your bin, you can 16
transplant some of them or either move all of them into a bigger, BIGGER bin!
Pros of Doing Vermicomposting
Dear children, do you know that The first benefit would be the use of vermicompost as
if you create your own worm fertiliser. It is easier to be absorbed by plants compared to
farm, there will be a lot of
advantages not only for you, but chemical fertiliser due to worm mucus that are not easy to
also for your family, for your be flushed away
friends, for your teachers, for
your country, for the
environment and even for the
world?
Next, with the vermicompost, healthier plants can be
produced. Compost are enriched with bacteria and microbes
as it passing through worms body. They are disease
resistance and repel pests.
17
Worm farm also bring the advantage in water retention.
Vermicompost is colloid and can hold up much water that it
evaporates slower while still being available to the plants
even in drought.
It also improves soil structure, texture, aeration and water
holding capacity to prevent soil erosion.
The product of worm farm, vermicompost is 100% organic.
It can be created with the natural elements without any
harmful chemicals. As a result, vermicompost formed are
usually free from pathogens, toxic elements, etc.
Besides that, there is no issue on over fertilize.
Vermicompost will not harm the plant if you give abundant
organic fertilizer to it..
Vermicompost produced from worm farm can be used to
prevent nutrient losses. The nutrients are held in place and
released slowly to the plants whenever they need over a
prolonged period.
GLOSSARY
Water retention - Pengekalan air
18
Materials And Apparatus to Start A
Vermicompost Bin
Today. I am going to tell you the Let us prepare these materials and apparatus together!
things that you need in creating
your worm farm. Are you What you need are:
excited? Do you feel happy?
1. Worms: 2. Plastic bins
Red wigglers or nightcrawlers with solid colour
19
3. Cardboard or shredded newspaper 4. A drill 5. Gunny sack cloth
6. Fine mesh 7. Food waste (example of foods: Apple,
banana, potatoes, carrots, egg shells, etc)
20
Steps to DIY A Vermicompost Bin
To create your own worm bin, there are many steps to be followed.
Firstly, select the location for worm
bin in order to build a home for your
worms. The place should be cool, moist
and shade with the temperature of
18-25°C and optimum moisture level of
30-40% to protect it from excessive
heat.
COOL SHADE
Secondly, drill holes in your Bin 1 (Pink
colour). Drill holes into the sides too.
[Note: Make sure that it is done with the
help from parent or teacher.]
21
Next, cover all the holes with mesh and tape to
prevent the entry of bugs.
After that, prepare the bedding for your worms. For
bedding, banana tree’s trunk or cow and goat dung would
be the best materials. However, you can also fill your Bin 1
with shredded newspaper, straw or dry grass as the
source of fiber for the worms as well as to keep the
bin well-ventilated.
[Note: Make sure that it is damp and is spread evenly.]
22
Sprinkle a handful of outdoor or potting soil on top of
bin 1 and moisture thoroughly. This can bring in beneficial
microorganisms and aid the digestive process of worms.
Add egg shells and tea grounds/ tea bags on the soil.
Then, choose the worms and place them gently on top of
bedding in bin 11.
[Note: Digging earthworms from your backyard is not
recommended as they may not hang around if you drop into
an open bin. They’ll probably just wriggle to the bottom and
dig into the earth. In addition, if they’re trapped inside a
tumbler, they will die.]
GLOSSARY
Sprinkle - Menaburi
23
Put Bin 1 (Pinkcolour) into Bin 2 (Yellow colour). When
the bedding starts to resemble dark and crumbly soil,
move the contents to one side of the worm bed.
Add new dampened bedding to the empty side and place
the food scraps on it. Remember, the amount of food
scraps should be half the weight of the worms!
24
What to Feed?
In order to make sure the worms in worm bin stay healthy and produce compost, you should provide
them steady diet of food. Do feed them sufficient amount of foods following the instructions as
shown below.
Mom, I’m hungry. Dear, let us Worms eat nitrogen-rich green waste such as vegetable
move towards waste, fruit waste, tea bags, egg shells, coffee grounds
your favourite and filters. They also feed on carbon-rich brown waste
food ! like coco-coir, cardboard, paper, aged-horse manure,
finished compost, newsprint and leaves.
Newsprint
Coffee Grounds Organic waste Cardboard
25
What Not to Feed?
Dear all, remember, do not feed your worms with the
foods as follows: Meat YUCKY !!
● Oily and greasy food
● Human or pet waste Oily and greasy food
● Non-degradable items
● Yard trimmings with pesticides
● Meat, bones and fats
● Poisonous and hardy plants
● Onions and onion skins
● Potatoes and potato peels
Pesticides
Non-degradable items Poisonous plants
26
Ways to Take Care of Vermicompost Bin
How often should I water my worm bin?
Answer:
Sprinkle the surface with water every other day. This is
because worms are capable of escaping from almost
anything,but if you keep them damp, they will not try to
escape.
How can I take care
of my baby worm bin?
27
Where should I locate my worm -5°C
bin?
What are the other steps to take
Answer: care of my worm bin?
The worm bin should be kept in an environment
with a fairly constant temperature that is neither
too hot nor too cold. Remember, never place your
worm bin in an area that receives direct sun
exposure, and never locate it in the area with the
temperature below 5 degree celsius.
Answer:
Add more cardboard, shredded newspaper,
hay or other fibrous material once a
month or as needed. Lifting it into the
worm compost to bring in more additional
oxygen.
28
Mom, when can I harvest When to Harvest?
the compost ?
Generally, there are 4 signs that show your compost is
finished and ready to be use. They are
1. Deep, dark brown colour
In this stage, the majority of your vermicompost has
deep, rich colour.
2. Uniform texture
The vermicompost to be harvested have uniform
texture.
Notes:
After 3 to 5 days, vermicompost can be
collected at the top layer depending on the worm
species that you have selected to create your
worm bin.
29
4. Small worm size
When there is inadequate condition for growth
and reproduction, the actual biomass of worm
will shrink.
5. Flat, felt-like surface
The top layer of vermicompost with black
appearance or brown billiards table indicates the
bin is ready to be fed, fluffed, or changed
together.
GLOSSARY
Inadequate - Tidak mencukupi
Fluffed - Meremangkan
30
Challenges or Issues Faced
There are a few challenges or issues those you might face while conducting your own
vermicomposting. However, they can be prevented and solved if you know them well.
The most challenging issue would be the badly smell of
the compost. Why it happens and how to solve?
Answer:
There are three factors which cause smelly
compost. They are:
● Food are too wet
● Insufficient of air circulation
● Too much food are fed
As preventive measures or ways to solve
the issue, you should:
● Stir in dry leaves, soil or mulch
● Turn the food to add more air
● Add shredded paper to the bin
31
Next, it would be the unwelcome visitors. Who are the
unwelcome visitors? What are the ways to solve this
issue?
Answer:
In fact, worm bin dislike and hate certain
visitors. To know who are the visitors, please
refer the list below.
● Cockroaches
● Soldier fly larvae
● Rats
As preventive measures or ways to solve
the issue, you should:
● Make sure the food is stirred well and
cover it with garden waste
● Add some lime and stir
● Keep away the meat from the compost
[ cockroach, soldier fly larvae and rat ]
32
Notes to Parents and Teachers
There are many precautionary steps to be taken while creating your own worm farm.
Please take note yaa~
● The beddings and vermicompost should be protected from direct sunlight.
● The worms should be protected from birds, termites, rats and ants.
● The bedding should not be covered with plastic sheet because it may trap heat and gases.
● The vermicompost heaps should not be overloaded to avoid high temperature.
● Optimum moisture levels should be maintained as stagnant water or lack of moisture could
kill the worms.
● Addition of high quantities of acid rich substance such as tomatoes and citrus wastes
should be avoided.
● Organic materials used should be freed from non-degradable materials such as plastics and
bulbs.
33
REFERENCES
Brown, P. (2020). Vermicomposting: How Many Worms Are Needed?. Retrieved from
https://thrivingyard.com/how-many-worms/
Star2. (2017, Oct 5). How to make your own worm farm. Retrieved from
https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/living/2017/10/05/worms-organic-fertiliser
Moran, M. (2020, May 25). How to Make a Worm Compost System. Retrieved from
https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Worm-Compost-System
What to Feed Worms in a Wormery Display Posters. Retrieved from
https://www.twinkl.com/resource/t-tp-395-what-to-feed-worms-in-a-wormery-display-posters
Bove, F. (2013, May 23). How To Build a Worm Farm. Retrieved from
https://modernfarmer.com/2013/05/how-to-build-a-worm-farm/
WordPress. Types of vermicomposting system. Retrieved from
http://www.tararaedesigns.com/got-worms/types-of-vermicomposting-systems/#:~:text=A%20continous%2C%20vertical%20migr
ation%20vermicomposting,in%20the%20windrow%20system%20below.
Department of Parks and Recreation. How to Vermicompost at Home or Work. Retrieved from
https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/Environmental%20Assistance%20and%20Customer%20Service/NC%20Green%20Travel%20D
ocuments/small%20scale%20vermicomposting.pdf
REFERENCES
Alexander Louis, (2020, August 4). Online interview with Tay, K.Y.
Ahamad Fadhlullah Ahmad Sukri. (2020, July 29 ). Online interview with Ting, Z.K.
Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin. (2020, August 17). Online interview with Fong,S.Q.
Dian Abdullah. (2020, August 1). Personal interview with Tan,E.S.
Kamarul Zaman Hj Bachik. (2020, July 29). Online interview with Anis Maisarah.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude our advisor lecturer
Madam Ati Rosemary for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm and helpful advice. She helped us
all the time when needed and gave us the right direction towards the completion of this
e-manual.
Secondly, we would express our special thanks of gratitude to one of the editors of
our e-manual, Dr Adi Ainurzaman Bin Jamaludin for his valuable advices, comments and
suggestions that bring to the completion and success of this e-manual.
Thirdly, we would like to express our deepest thanks to our coordinator of social
engagement course, Dr Hazreena Hussein for giving us the opportunity to participate in this
such meaningful project. She also gave us her guidance and support throughout the whole
project.
Furthermore, we would like to thank Capt (Rtd) Kamarul Zaman Hj Bachik, Ms Dian
Abdullah, Mr Ahmad Fadhlullah Ahmad Sukri and Mr Alexander Louis as the special advisors in
writing this e-manual. Without their immense and valuable suggestions and sharing on
vermicomposting, we might not able to complete this e-manual.
Besides, we also wish to thank our fellow teammates for stimulating discussions, for
the sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines and for giving each other
words of encouragement.
Last but not least, we are also grateful for the spiritual support given by our family
members.
SUPER WORM HOTEL S
U
“ WORMS TURN P
YOUR TRASH E
R
TO TREASURE. ”
W
© UNIVERSITI MALAYA O
R
M
H
O
T
E
L
Data Loading...