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Forest



















































Author: Cat Hickey










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US_001_Half_title.indd 1 12/01/2017 15:45

Contents





Editor Katy Lennon
Designer Rhea Gaughan 4 What is a forest?
US Editor Jenny Siklos
US Senior editor Shannon Beatty
Assistant editor Kritika Gupta 6 Forest layers
Art editor Rashika Kachroo
Senior editor Garima Sharma 8 Forest floor
Project art editor Nidhi Mehra
Jacket coordinator Francesca Young
Jacket designer Amy Keast 10 Living in the canopy
DTP designer Syed Md. Farhan
Senior picture researcher Sumedha Chopra 12 Types of forest
Pre-production producer Nikoleta Parasaki
Producer Isabell Schart
Deputy managing editor Vineetha Mokkil 14 Why are forests important?
Managing editors Laura Gilbert, Monica Saigal
Managing art editors Diane Peyton Jones, 16 Forest communication
Neha Ahuja Chowdhry
Art director Martin Wilson 18 Types of tree
Publisher Sarah Larter
Publishing director Sophie Mitchell
20 Mount Kinabalu
First American edition, 2017
Published in the United States by
DK Publishing, 345 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10014
Copyright © 2017 Dorling Kindersley Limited 22 Forest families
A Division of Penguin Random House LLC
17 18 19 20 21 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001–298982–July/2017 24 Forest birds
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above,
no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, 26 Forest homes
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written
permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by
Dorling Kindersley Limited
A catalog record for this book is available from the
Library of Congress.
ISBN: 978-1-4654-6232-9
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales
promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Oak tree
Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
or [email protected] Death cap mushroom
Printed and bound in China
A WORLD OF IDEAS:
SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW
www.dk.com


Cacao pod




Eurasian hedgehog
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28 Food chains 50 Grand Teton
Tiger moth
National Park
30 Amazing forests

52 Forest fires
32 Living together
54 Deforestation and
34 Can you see me? conservation


36 People in forests 56 Meet the expert


38 Forest riches
58 Forest facts and figures

40 Forest seasons 60 Glossary

42 Insects 62 Index


44 Migration
64 Acknowledgments
46 Sounds of the forest


48 Walk through
the forest Flower
beetle








Passion fruit
Death cap mushroom Ring-tailed lemur Red deer















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What is a forest?





A forest is an area of land covered by trees and
other plants and flowers. Forests grow in
different places all over the world and

each one has lots of different types of
wildlife living within it. Forests help

our planet in many different ways.






Orchid
Foxglove








Snowdrops
Plant life

Thousands of different
types of plant grow in
forests, from colorful
orchids to large bushes.
Two-thirds of the world’s
plant life grows in
tropical rain forests.






Trees
Monterey Trees like to soak up the
cypress sunlight. In forests, trees
grow tall to compete with
their neighbors for space.
Their leaves protect the rest
of the forest from the
Yew tree
Sun’s harsh rays.
Banana leaves
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Habitats Bird’s nest
All animals need water,
Praying food, and shelter. A place
mantis that provides these things
is called a habitat. Forests
provide habitats for more
animals than any other
place on land.







Climate
The average temperature
and weather conditions in
an area are known as the
climate. Forests can help to
keep the climate steady and
can even create rain!








Oxygen

Trees release the gas
oxygen, which most living
things need to survive. This
gas is released when plants
make food from sunlight,
water, and the gas
carbon dioxide.


Animals
British woodland in the fall Forests are home to nearly Gray squirrel

half the world’s species of
animals, from tiny insects
to big elephants. In forests,
there is rain to drink, fruit
to eat, and places to shelter
Iguana from predators.


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Emergent layer from the Amazon rain forest





































Around the world, there are many different


Canopy layer from a cloud forest in Costa Rica
types of forest, such as rain forest and
Forest layers
a range of trees and plants grows

and this is what they look like
woodland. From the towering
at a variety of heights. These
treetops to the forest floor,
are called the forest layers,





in the rain forest. Emergent layer The tops of the tallest trees in the forest make up the emergent layer. These trees rise high into the sky and stretch out their leaves to soak up the sunshine. Canopy The canopy is the thickest layer of the forest. The trees here block out the sunlight and stop it from reaching the lower forest layers.














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The understory has shorter trees that provide shelter to animals. Forest floor from a rain forest in Costa Rica







































Canopy layer from the Cloud Forest in Costa Rica Understory layer from a forest in Malaysia REALLY? Large-leafed plants and young trees grow on the forest floor.





















Understory Fewer plants grow in this layer because the sunlight cannot break through the leaves above. Twisting vines and damp mosses can be found wrapped around the tree trunks here. Insects are the only creatures that can be found in every forest layer. Forest floor This layer is very dark and does not get much rain. It is usually home to short shrubs and fallen lea







!

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Forest floor





In the rain forest, not much light reaches the forest floor.
Animals that live there can use the dark to sneak up on
their prey without being seen. In temperate forests,

more light makes it through the canopy. Animals and
plants can enjoy soaking up the Sun on the forest floor.





WHAT’S WHAT Rain forest
A Elephant Forest Below the dense canopy,
elephants make
paths by pulling the dark forest floor is
down trees. littered with fallen fruit
and leaves. As they rot,
B Leopard This big their nutrients are
cat drags its prey returned to the soil.
up trees to eat A
it undisturbed.
C Giant African
millipede This
creature’s body
armor and
bad smell keep C
predators away.
D Madagascan
hissing cockroach B
Males have horns
and use them to
ram other males.
E Army ants These
insects are nearly F
blind, but detect D
prey by sensing
movement.
F Buttress roots
These wide roots
anchor the tree to
the forest floor.
E


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WHAT’S WHAT
A White-tailed deer
Temperate Plant buds and
forest nuts are this deer’s
favorite foods.
More light reaches the
floor in a temperate forest B Crab spider This
than in a rain forest. Lots spider changes its
color to blend in
of animals make their with the forest, so
homes here. it can catch prey.

C Vole Burrowing
under trees, voles
eat dead animals
such as mice.
D Slug The slime
made by slugs
helps them move
and climb trees.
E Earthworm Plants
grow better in soil
that is mixed by
A burrowing worms.

F Toad This is the
perfect predator
for the forest floor,
where lots of tasty
insects live.
G Fungi These
B life forms like to
grow in damp and
F dark conditions.






G




C





D E

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Living in the canopy





Soaking up the sunlight, this thick, leafy layer of the rain forest is
full of life. Trees and plants stretch upward and animals live among

the branches. Canopy life can be tricky, but everything living here
has found a clever way of surviving up high. Here are some of them.













Just
hanging!






Lianas Sloth
Lianas are vines on a mission to reach What’s the rush? Sloths spend years slowly moving
the sunlight. As these plants grow, around from branch to branch, picking leaves to
they wrap around the trunks of trees eat. Some just stay on a favorite tree for days on
for support as they climb higher. end, hanging on with their long claws.



Flying fox

Shlurp! Although called a fox, this animal is
actually a bat. It glides through the
canopy, searching for flowers so it can
eat the sweet nectar from inside.





Bromeliad
Shaped like a bucket, bromeliad plants
collect rainwater. Animals in the treetops
visit when they need a drink.




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Coati

Coatis are climbing experts. They have
curved claws, so they can move quickly
and easily up and down branches.



















Toucan
Toucans take short flights from tree to
tree to find tasty treats. Their long bill
can pluck hard-to-reach fruit out of trees.



Indri

Record-leaping indri are the largest lemurs on the
island of Madagascar. They can leap 33 ft (10 m)
Spring! between branches.










Tree kangaroo

With padded soles
and long claws on
their feet, tree
kangaroos can jump
easily and quickly Boing!
up tree trunks
to find food.





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Types of forest ! WOW!





Forests cover 30 percent of all land on Earth.
The types of forest vary depending on how Left to nature,
far they are from the equator, an imaginary almost all land on

line running around the center of the Earth. Earth would
Here, temperatures are hottest. The types of become forest.

plants that grow in a forest also depend on
the amount of rain that the forest gets.



Dense canopy



FACT FILE
» Location: South America,
Southeast Asia, and
West Africa







Rain forest
» Average temperature:
Between 68 and 77°F
(20 and 25°C)
» Average rainfall:
80 in+ (200 cm+)



Rain forest

Found close to the equator, rain forests only have
two seasons, a wet and a dry one. Rain forest
animals range from tiny frogs to huge crocodiles.
One tree in the rain forest can be home to 1,000
other plants, such as vines and orchids.



Nile crocodile

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Temperate

Temperate forests have four seasons, with warm summers
WOW!
and cool winters. Changing temperatures mean that the
animals and plants need to be ready for anything. Maple
trees

FACT FILE

» Location: Eastern United
States, Canada, Europe,
China, Japan, and parts
of Russia







Temperate forest

» Average temperature:
Between -22 and 86°F
(-30 and 30°C)
» Average rainfall: Between
30 and 60 in (75 and 150 cm)



Pine trees Brown bear catching salmon
Boreal

Boreal forests, also known FACT FILE
as the taiga, grow in cold » Location: Northern Europe,
areas near the north pole. Asia, North America,
Plants and animals that and Canada
live here need to be able to
survive low temperatures
for most of the year.



Boreal forest
» Average temperature:
Between 23 and 41°F
(-5° and 5°C)
» Average snowfall:
Between 40 and 43 in
(100 and 110 cm)
Snowshoe hare

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Why are forests




important? Soil



Forest soil is rich in
Can you imagine what the world would be nutrients because of the
trees and fungi that grow
like without forests? It would be a very in it. Soil traps water and can
different place. Forests provide us with stop rivers from overflowing

many important things such as medicines, after heavy rain.
timber, and the air that we breathe.








Jaguar Fungi in soil
make nutrients
Soil holds the roots of trees. for trees.
Ginger


Books

Rich wildlife
About 80 percent of the plants and
animals that live on land are found
in forests. Rain forests in Brazil, Timber
Madagascar, and Indonesia are
home to wildlife that live The wood that trees are made of
nowhere else on Earth. has many different uses. It can be
used to build furniture, houses,
and boats and can be turned into
pulp to make paper. The book that
you are reading now once started
its life as a tree! Bananas
Sloth


Eurasian hedgehog




Timber
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Photosynthesis

Plants make their own food. To do this, they
mix carbon dioxide from the air with water
and sunlight, then release oxygen as a waste.
This process is called photosynthesis.
Coconut
palms D
Oak tree
Oxygen
Trees give out the gas E
oxygen, which animals need
to breathe. One leafy tree
releases enough oxygen
in its growing season for F
ten people to breathe
for a year.
The Madagascar
periwinkle is
used to make
medicines.



Ginger C




Food and medicine B
Humans have been eating plants
that grow in forests for thousands
of years. Many forest plants can be A
used to make delicious and healthy
food, and some can even be used as
medicines. New uses for forest
plants are being discovered A The roots suck up water from the
even today. ground.
B Water travels up the plant’s stem.

C Carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the leaves.
D Sunlight shines on the leaves.
Bananas
Avocados E The plant uses sunlight to turn CO2
and water into sugar for energy.
Cacao beans are The leaves release oxygen.
used to make F
chocolate.


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Forest communication





Under the soil in many forests around the world are
secret networks of roots. The roots of plants and
fungi connect and “talk” to each other and these

links can be useful for many reasons. Here
are some of the ways that fungi use these

communication webs to protect or
harm their plant neighbors.



Mushrooms
Many kinds of mushrooms grow in forests.
They grow out of the ground and the part that
you see on the forest floor is called the fruit.
Their threadlike “roots” are always hard at
work delivering secret messages underground.




Chanterelle Beechwood
sickener









Water

Some diseases cut off Defense
water to trees by damaging If a disease that harms
their roots. Fungi help fight trees is spreading through
these diseases, keeping a forest, fungi send signals
the roots healthy and the Nutrients to other trees telling them
trees alive. Fungi provide trees with to “shut down” and
nutrients from the soil. protect themselves.
In return, the trees give
the fungi food, which
they made using
photosynthesis.


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Fancy fungi
! WOW! More than five million types of fungi


grow in the wild. Some are small and
Around 90% of sweet, while others can be deadly.
plants on Earth
“talk” with the

fungi that grow Death cap
You should never eat
near them. mushrooms that you
find in the wild. This
mushroom may look
innocent, but it is very
dangerous. The Ancient
Greeks and Romans
used it to poison
Beech tree their enemies.
A healthy beech tree
communicates with the
fungi that grow around
its roots.







Boletus Amanita
lanatus excelsa



These mushrooms look
Chemicals like turkeys’ tails!
Fungi can spread Turkey tail
chemicals through their Scientists are studying this
roots. This can kill fungus because it contains
invading plants and so substances that may help fight
colds, cancer, and infections.
protect the ones that
already live in the forest. Veiled lady
This fungus has a strong
Stealing smell to attract insects.
The insects can then
Not all fungi are helpful. carry the fungus’
Some can tap into the seedlike spores
underground network and to new places so
that new veiled
steal nutrients from ladies can grow.
nearby plants.


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Types of tree





Trees are not all the same. Coniferous Spruce tree
trees keep their leaves all year round, These evergreen,
coniferous trees can
while deciduous trees drop their leaves grow more than 131 ft
(40 m) tall and live for
as it gets closer to winter. Some trees hundreds of years.
produce seeds that are transported by

the wind, while other seeds are carried
away by animals.




FACT FILE
Bunches of needles
» Name: Coniferous trees
» Examples: Firs, Scottish
pine, and redwoods
» Location: Boreal forests
and mountains
» Height:
Up to 380 ft (116 m)
Needles

Needles are rolled-up
leaves. A waxy coating
protects the needles in
Spruce cone the winter and stops
them from losing water.











Cones

Seeds take a long time to grow and
are protected by a cone. Young cones
are green and soft, but they turn brown
and hard as they reach full size.




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FACT FILE
» Name: Deciduous trees


Oak tree Acorns in a scaly cup » Examples: Oak, beech,
lime, and birch
These deciduous trees can
grow up to 131 ft (40 m). » Location:
When they are more than Temperate forests
40 years old, they begin » Height:
to produce acorns. Up to 328 ft (100 m)




Acorns
Many deciduous trees produce
nutlike seeds, such as the acorns
made by oak trees. Squirrels like to
carry acorns away to eat. If uneaten,
they can grow into new trees. Oak leaves in the fall














Leaves

During the fall, the
leaves of deciduous trees
no longer make food for
the tree. They turn red
and orange before they
fall off.



Tree bark
Trunk
The trunk gives support
to a tree. Inside it are
tubes that transport
water and nutrients
from the roots to
the leaves.



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Mount Kinabalu





The towering Mount Kinabalu in Borneo, Southeast
Asia, is 13,435 ft (4,095 m) tall. It is covered by
forests from the lowlands to the mountaintop.

The forests are home to a huge variety of plants
and animals, and are protected in a national park.




























Stinky flower

The rafflesia plant grows in Kinabalu’s
lowland rain forest. It has one of the
world’s largest flowers, which can be
as wide as 40 in (100 cm). It gives off
a strong smell that invites insects to
feast on its pollen.














Rafflesia plant



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Mountain layers Mountain home
There are four different
types of forest in the Each type of forest on Mount Kinabalu
national park. The steamy,
tropical lowland and hill has its own variety of plants and animals
rain forests with thick, leafy that have adapted to living there.
canopies rise up to the
cloudy tropical mountain
rain forest. Higher up, the Tarsier
cool, subalpine forest has This small primate has large
a few short trees. eyes so it can see at night.
It can also rotate its head
almost all the way around.







Pitcher plant
This beautiful plant
survives by eating insects.
It produces sweet-smelling
nectar to lure its victims
inside its flower.



Large, strong arms used to
swing through the trees





Pileated gibbon
These apes live in
groups and use their
loud voices to stay
in contact with
each other when
out hunting.








Yellow-breasted warbler
This small bird forages
in the understory for
insects and other
invertebrates
to eat.



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Silvered leaf langur Darwin’s frog

Silvered leaf langurs live in Southeast Asia Darwin’s frogs are found in South America,
and the babies are born with bright orange and the young are cared for by their dads. The
fur, so they can be seen among the leaves. males put the eggs inside their vocal sacs to
All the females look after the babies together guard them. Once the eggs turn into froglets,
in a nursery. the male spits them out onto the forest floor.


Vocal sac,
usually used
for croaking.



























Up to 27 It takes a
members live little while
in a family. for froglets
to grow out
of their tails.



Forest families





For some animals, bonding together in a family group
helps them to survive in the forest. By working together,

young can be taken care of and protected, land defended,
and food found more quickly.





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Collared peccary Termite

These piglike animals live in large family groups These social insects live in colonies all over
called herds in Central and South America. They the world. All termites have specific jobs
do everything as a family, including searching for to do, such as taking care of the eggs,
food, eating, and sleeping. They bark to warn raising young, building the mound,
family members of danger from predators. or finding food.

The queen termite is
bigger than all the
workers. She is the
only one that
lays eggs.


























Peccaries snuffle Termite
around on the mounds
forest floor are full of
looking for tunnels and
food to eat. chambers.




Family friends

Some birds flock together
when forests are being
cut down and finding
food becomes hard. With
many birds looking, they
can find food more Red-crowned Lesser woodcreeper White-collared
quickly and warn each ant tanager These birds have a large foliage gleaner
other of danger. Ants are these birds’ appetite for beetles and Found in Brazil, these
favorite food. sometimes ants. birds like to eat bugs.



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Forest birds





Birds play an important part in
forest life. They can be found
pecking through the leaf litter

or soaring above the treetops
of forests all over the world. DOWNY WOODPECKER

Many birds build their nests high Location: Deciduous trees in the
in the trees to keep their chicks woodlands of North America
out of reach of predators. They Diet: Grubs and insects that they tap
out from inside tree trunks
help the trees by feasting on Amazing fact: This woodpecker can
tree-eating insects and scattering peck 40 times a second. Its beak is
the trees’ seeds, so that they can securely attached to its skull, to
absorb shock and protect its brain.
grow in new places in the forest.








ANDEAN COCK-OF-THE-ROCK

PARROT CROSSBILL









Location: Cloud forests (also known
as fog forests) of South America Location: Pine forests in Northern
Europe, including the United Kingdom
Diet: Fruits, berries, and insects Diet: Seeds, buds, and shoots of

Amazing fact: During mating season, trees—they especially love Scottish pine
the males perform dance routines to Amazing fact: Despite its name, this
attract females. The males hop along bird is actually a type of finch. Its beak
branches and bob their heads in time is specially adapted to pick pine seeds
with each other. out of cones.




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GREAT BLUE TURACO forests ! WOW!












Location: Rain forest canopy in African
Wild peacocks
Diet: Mainly leaves, fruit, and
often gather
berries—sometimes also insects
together in
Amazing fact: These birds are not very
groups called
good at flying. Instead they can often
be seen hopping from branch to branch
in the trees. “parties.”











KEEL-BILLED TOUCAN Location: Tropical rain forests of SNOWY OWL Alaska, Canada, and Siberia












Location: Polar forest regions, including
South America

Diet: Fruit, berries, insects, and other
Diet: Lemmings are their favorite, but
birds’ eggs
they also eat mice, birds, and fish
Amazing fact: A toucan’s bill is Amazing fact: Snowy owls are the
lightweight so that it doesn't affect the largest birds in the Arctic. They have
bird’s balance. It is made of a material good eyesight and sharp talons to find
called keratin, which is also what and snatch up prey from the snow.
human nails are made of.



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Forest homes





Forests provide beds and shelter for many different animals.
Some animals live in nests, high in the treetops, and others

burrow deep down into the soil. All forest homes have to be
safe from predators and well insulated to keep out the cold.

Here are some examples of the places that animals rest their
heads after a busy day, or night, in the forest.









Burrowing home Living in the bark

European badgers are found in the Northern sportive lemurs are
temperate forests of Europe and are only found on the island of
master diggers. They have claws that Madagascar, off the coast of Africa.
are perfect for burrowing down into They live their entire lives above
the ground. Badger burrows are ground and make their nests in the
called setts and are made of a series hollows of trees. These lemurs are
of underground tunnels and caves. nocturnal, which means that they
sleep all day and are active at night.






























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Penguin parade

Snares crested penguins live
on the coast of New Zealand.
Every year in September, they
walk up to 2,952 ft (900 m)
inland to find a safe place
to lay their eggs. They travel
down well-worn penguin
paths to reach the forests
where their eggs will be
safe from predators, until
their young hatch a few
months later.

A colony of Snares crested penguins trekking through the forest





Bed of leaves Treetop home
Orangutans are found in the forests The American harpy eagle has
of Borneo and Sumatra, in Asia. They a six-foot wing span and talons the
carefully build a new nest of leaves to size of bear claws. Each eagle can
sleep in every night. Youngsters learn weigh up to 20 lb (9 kg), so their
the delicate building process from nests need to be very strong! They
their parents, ready for when they build their homes high up in the
need to make a nest of their own. emergent layer and will use the
same nest for many years.






























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Food chains Leaf Sloth





All living things in the forest rely on each
other for food. These links can be shown
in a food chain. All food chains need

a producer, a consumer, and a decomposer
to work well. If just one part of the food Producer

chain disappears, then it may cause many Food chains start with a
animals to go hungry! producer, usually a green
plant. Plants are producers
because they make their own
food from water and sunlight.

Complete the food chains


Use the clues and the descriptions below to Leaf Slug
complete the food chains. A

Cricket
1 There are huge numbers of these
chirping primary consumers in
forests. They like to eat plants.

Rabbit
2 The teeth of these herbivores keep
growing, but are worn down by
all the grass they eat. Deer
B

Maggots ?
3 These wriggling creatures look like Clue:
small worms. They eat dead flesh,
helping to recycle animal bodies. Food chains usually
start with a plant.

4 Grass
Grass is a producer that is eaten by
a huge number of herbivores all Seeds
C
over the world.

5 Frog
Without these slippery carnivores,
the world would be overrun with
insects and other pests.
Seeds are
parts of plants
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Leaf Sloth Jaguar Dung beetle















Primary consumer Secondary consumer Decomposer
Primary consumers get their Secondary consumers get Decomposers break down
energy by eating producers. their energy by eating and eat dead plants and
Many primary consumers are primary consumers. These animals. This process
animals called herbivores, are carnivores—predators makes nutrients that can
which only eat plants. that hunt and eat prey. be absorbed by the soil.





Slug Slugs eat plants Hedgehog
and fungi
?


Clue:
These creatures
are the larvae
(young) of flies.


Bacteria recycle
Deer Tiger dead animals Bacteria












Fungi grow in
Chameleon moist, dark places Fungi
?


Clue:
Keep an ear out for
this creature’s song.




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Amazing forests

! WOW!


Forests grow in all shapes and sizes, and each
one is special in its own way. Some have trees Photographs
that are thousands of years old, and others taken by satellites

grow under water! There is still much to learn have helped to
about these amazing places. find new forests
in Africa!











Sunken forest

Trees have been growing out of
this lake for thousands of years.
They have special “knees,” which
poke above the water’s surface.
Air entering the knees travels
to the roots, so that the trees
can survive under water.



Bald cypress trees in Lake Caddo, Texas





Crooked forest

No one knows why these
trees have a bend near
the bottom. One theory
is that people bent the
trees when they were
young, so that their
wood could be used
to build ships.






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WOW!

Cloud forest

The canopy of this forest is
cloaked in fog. It is a very hot
place and this makes water vapor
escape from the leaves, creating
clouds. The clouds then make
rain, which falls on the plants
below and helps them grow.
Maquipucuna Reserve, Ecuador







Painted forest
The bark of these trees peels
off at different times of the
year. Each layer is a different
color, so each peel reveals a
new color. Red, green, and
blue layers give a rainbow
effect and make the forest
look like a work of art.




Rainbow eucalyptus trees, Hawaii




Ancient forest
The oldest tree in this ancient
forest is thought to be 5,066
years old—that’s even older
than the pyramids of Egypt.
The tree’s exact location is
kept secret so that people
don’t damage it.



Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, CA

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Living together





Many animals live in groups in the forest. Food
is often spread out here, so the more animals,
the larger the area they can cover to find it.

Working together also means that animals
can hunt larger prey. Living in a group is

safer as there are more eyes to easily spot
predators and animals living in families
can also raise their young together.













Wolf pack

Wolves live together in
packs, working as a team
to hunt large prey. The
group is led by an adult
male and female pair.




























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Safety in numbers

Many animals live in communities in
order to survive in the forest. Large
groups can work together to protect
themselves and their young.

Sharp hearing
allows wolves to
hear sounds
from far away.







Bison
Large herds of bison come together
to protect their young from predators.
They form circular barriers with the
young sheltered in the middle.














Army ants
Army ants crawl across the forest floor
in huge swarms, killing everything in
their path. Their huge groups let them
hunt prey bigger than themselves.














Siamangs
Siamangs are apes with very loud
voices. They live in small families in
Southeast Asia and make loud calls
Long, powerful to signal if danger is nearby.
legs let wolves
chase after prey.

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Can you Disguise



When the Indian leaf butterfly lands on
see me? wings, which look exactly like a dead leaf.
a branch, it shows only its brown outer


When it takes flight, however, it shows
Animals use camouflage to its true colors and flashes the bright
blue of its inner wings.
survive. Like all habitats, the
forest is full of predators on

the lookout for their next
meal. Animals from bugs to

large mammals have found
ways of hiding themselves,
either by blending into the

background, or by looking
like something that wouldn’t
be nice to eat.











Hide




Chameleons can change their color
using special cells in their skin. This
is often to send messages to other
chameleons and show what mood
they’re in—for example, if they are
angry. Other times, chameleons
change color because of the
temperature of their environment—
if their skin is darker, it can absorb
more heat and help them keep warm.





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Illusion



Okapi live in tropical rain forests.
Their rumps (backsides) have
white and brown stripes, which
break up the shape of their body.
This makes it harder for a predator
to figure out how big the okapi is,
and allows it to blend into the
stripy shadows of the trees.














The fur of some animals changes
throughout the year. When everything
in the boreal forest is covered in snow,
white fur helps the Arctic fox to disappear.
When the snow melts and the ground can
be seen, its fur changes to light brown.









Mimic



One good way to survive is to be a
look-alike of something no one wants
to eat. Giant swallowtail butterfly
caterpillars look like bird poop that
has dropped onto a leaf!






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People in forests





Millions of people still live in tribes in forests, following
a way of life that hasn’t changed for thousands of years.
They are skillful hunters and have an expert knowledge

of which plants in the forest can treat illnesses.



FACT FILE
» Name: Iban tribe Borneo forest
The Iban way of life is
» Location: Sarawak, North under threat, as much of
Borneo, Malaysia
their forest is being cleared
for palm oil plantations.
Some Iban earn money
by letting tourists stay in
their traditional homes,
called longhouses.




Amazon rain forest
An Iban tribeswoman weaves a
basket from leaves. The Yanomami tribe has about 20,000
members, making it the largest tribe
Although very stinky, in the Amazon. The male members
the durian is one of the hunt in the forest, while the female
Iban’s favorite fruit.
members grow crops and prepare food.




FACT FILE

» Name: Yanomami tribe
The tribe
» Location: Amazon grows
rain forest, on the Brazil– passion
Venezuela border fruit to sell
in local
markets.







A Yanomami hunter fishes with a bow and arrow.
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Himalayan forest

The Gurung live in the mountain forests of Nepal
and are famous honey hunters. They hang from
rope ladders and smoke out the bees so that they
can collect the honey without being stung.


FACT FILE
» Name: Gurung tribe
» Location: Himalayan
forests, Nepal


















A honey hunter uses a stick to collect honey.


Madagascan forest
Each nest contains
The forest is a lifeline for the Mikea tribe of up to 130 lbs (60 kg)
Madagascar. It provides food, water, and shelter. of honey.
Each year, the tribe loses more forest as it’s cut down
and burned to make way for farmland.




FACT FILE
» Name: Mikea tribe
» Location: Madagascar












In Madagascar
lemurs are hunted
A Mikea tribesman grates a juicy plant to get water.
for their meat.
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Forest riches





People and animals from all over the world depend on
forests. From food and wood to medicines and minerals,
the forest is the world’s supermarket, timber yard,

pharmacy, and jewelry store rolled into one! Here are
some of the useful things that come from forests.



Elderberry
Chamomile The flowers and
Mixed with berries of this small
Medicines hot water, these tree are used to

Medicines for lots of daisylike flowers make many drinks
make a soothing tea
illnesses come from plants. that can help treat that are good for
the human body.
Scientists explore forests to many illnesses.
search for plants containing
natural chemicals that can be
used to make people well.





Wild garlic
The leaves of this
forest-floor plant
can help to reduce
blood pressure.


Cranberries
These red berries
are the fruit of
low-lying vines.
They are packed
full of nutrients,
some of which can
fight infections.


Wooden basket Wood
Wood can be used
to make useful items, People have been using
such as baskets, wood from forests for
barrels, and other thousands of years to
containers. build houses, make
furniture, and
use as a fuel.
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Minerals

Minerals such as precious Topaz
metals and stones are Ruby
found under rain forests
in many parts of the
world. Mining, or digging
for, minerals means that
large areas of ancient
rain forest are cut down.
Gold Emerald Diamond

Pineapple
This juicy fruit grows in
the rain forest understory.
Food
Grapes A lot of the foods that
Bunches of wild grapes grow in
forest canopies all over the world we eat today grow wild
and provide a feast for birds. in forests. Farmers also grow
Bananas these foods in large amounts
There are over 50
types of bananas in fields and orchards to
that grow in tropical supply our supermarkets.
forests. Other types
are also grown in
over 150 countries
for humans to eat.

Tomatoes
Really a fruit and not a
vegetable, the tomato
originally came from
South America.

Mushrooms
Some forest-floor
mushrooms are
delicious, but
others are deadly.



Cacao beans
All chocolate starts
its life in a rain forest
as a cacao bean.











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Forest seasons





In temperate parts of the world, there
are four seasons in a year. The forests
in these regions look very different Winter

during each season because the
trees shed their leaves in Fall

preparation for winter.
Forest animals find winters
difficult, and many move

away or hibernate to
survive the cold months.




Colorful leaves

In fall the leaves of many trees
begin to change to red, orange, and
gold, as they die and fall off. As the
days become shorter and colder,
animals prepare their dens while
others take off for warmer lands.


Lush leaves

Plants continue to grow, and the
leaves of the canopy shade the
forest floor. Many plants produce
fruit, so there is plenty of food
for animals and their young. Summer


! REALLY? Spring

Tropical rain forests
have just two seasons:
a rainy season and

a dry season.


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Hibernation

Many animals, including hedgehogs,
spend winter in a sleeplike state
called hibernation. They hide among
tree roots, piles of rocks, or fallen
leaves and stay there until spring.



Fall
Winter









Hibernating hedgehog



Falling snow

Many of the trees have lost their
leaves and their branches are
bare. The weather is cold, and
there may be frost and snow.
Animals have to search hard
to find food.











Blooming flowers
Forest-floor flowers, such as
bluebells, burst through the soil,
Spring capturing the sunlight before the
trees grow leaves and block it out.
Summer
Animals begin to search for food
after winter, and have young as
the weather becomes warmer.






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Insects





There are thousands of different
types of insect living in forests,
and they all play an important

role. Insects help many trees
and other forest plants make

seeds, which can grow into new
plants. They also eat dead trees,
releasing the nutrients from the

wood back into the soil.




















Helping plants make seeds

Bees and other insects help plants make seeds.
They do this by picking up pollen grains when
they come to feed on nectar, which is a sweet
A sparrow snacks on an ant.
liquid made by flowers. The insects then
spread the pollen to other flowers, which
Eat or be eaten use it to make seeds.

Insects are important to the survival of
the forest and the animals that live there. Flower
They form parts of many food chains. Lots Pollen sticks beetle
of insects are prey that are eaten by other to a butterfly’s
animals. But some insects are predators body.
and excellent hunters. The praying mantis,
for example, is an expert at catching
other insects and spiders.
Banded orange Wasp
tiger butterfly

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Feeding on dead trees Reusing nutrients

When a tree dies, many insects use it as When an insect, such as a stag beetle, eats
food. Bark beetles drill holes into the tree some wood, it breaks it down in its gut. Some
and lay eggs there. Their young then eat of the nutrients from the wood help the insect
the bark and wood. The holes let other grow, but other nutrients are passed out of
insects get inside the tree and feed there, the insect’s body in its waste. This becomes
too. Fungi also live off dead wood. part of the soil that plants can use.




Wood wasp Stag
Timber worm beetle
beetle Jewel
beetle

The wood wasp’s Jewel beetles
needle is used for lay their eggs in
laying eggs. burned trees.
Long-horned Click
beetle beetle
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Migration Forest

Over thousands of years,
Earth’s climate has changed,

Forest plants and animals have and different types of forest
have grown in new places. For
found many ways to survive. example, the climate has
Some animals take long become warmer, so trees that
prefer cold places have been
journeys, called migrations, found growing farther north.
moving from place to place.

They move in search of water,
food, and warmth, and return Woodland caribou
to the best places to give birth Woodland caribou are found
in North America, Russia,
to their young. Many of these and Northern Europe. Every
animal migrations happen over summer they travel more than
600 miles (966 km) to different
a year. The forests themselves forests to feed on new grasses.

can also migrate, although this
takes many thousands of years.


Umbrella bird
These tropical rain forest
birds, found in South
America, migrate into the
Help to migrate high mountains to mate.
They then return to the
Some forests need help to survive because of lower areas of the rain forest
changing habitats and humans cutting down to lay their eggs.
trees. People can help by collecting and
replanting saplings in other places where
they can grow well.
Monarch butterfly
Planting saplings
Monarch butterflies living in
the eastern states of the US
migrate more than 2,500 miles
(4,000 km) south to Mexico.
Here, they eat and stay warm
over winter, then return north
to lay their eggs.





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Blowing in the wind
The seeds of many trees
are specially shaped so
that they can be blown
over long distances in the
wind. If the conditions
are right for growing
where they land, new
forests appear.





Running fast
Caribou can run as fast
as 50 mph (80 kph) when
on the move or escaping
from predators such
as wolves.










Impressive hair
Male umbrella birds show
off with displays to attract
females. They raise their
head crests, and also
enlarge their necks, or
wattles, to make a loud
booming sound.







Finding the right trees
Monarch butterflies
migrate to the same
oyamel fir trees in
Mexico‘s forests every
year. Different butterflies
make the journey for the
first time each year.
However, they always
know exactly where to go.





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Sounds of These bugs are found all over
Singing cicada



the forest the world and use a part of
their body, called a tymbal,
to “sing.” Only the male
cicadas sing, to attract
Trumpet, buzz, screech, shout, female mates.
scream, bellow! The forest can be
a very loud place. Animals cannot Each species

always see or find each other through of cicada has
its own song.
the dense trees. That’s why they

make all these sounds—to “talk,”
or communicate, with each other.
Bellowing stag

Red deer live in Europe, Asia,
and North America. The males,
called stags, are known for
bellowing loudly during the
breeding season. The stags use
these sounds to attract female
deer, called hinds, and to scare
away rival stags.









Alarm calls are
Purring lemur important for
Ring-tailed lemurs purr to staying safe.
the other members of their
group. This soothing sound
helps them form close bonds.
They are only found in
Madagascar and have more
than 30 different calls,
each one signaling
a different message.






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Howling monkey
Howler monkeys, found in
Central and South America,
howl in groups, called troops,
every morning. They do this to
The clicks tell others that this part of the
tell predators: forest belongs to them. They
“I’m not tasty!” usually choose areas that
contain lots of their
favorite fruit.



Clicking moth
Moths such as tiger moths
can give off little high-pitched
clicks to “talk” to each other Roaring gorilla
and to scare away predators
such as bats. These moths live The safest way for the African
in Europe, Asia, and North silverback gorilla to guard
America, and some of them his troop is to be extremely
can click 4,500 times loud and look very threatening.
a second! A silverback will roar, pull
branches, and jump around
to defend his territory.







This gorilla
shows his
teeth as
a threat.


Elephant rumble
Using low rumbles, Asian forest
elephants can communicate with
each other over several miles.
These noises are so low-pitched
that humans can’t always hear them.




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Walk through




the forest





Forests are exciting places, but it can be
very easy to lose your way in them. These
helpful hints will show you how to navigate

your way through a forest. Always make
sure you stick to the forest code! Look for a river or stream.


Follow the water
Towns, villages, and campsites
are usually built next to a river.
By following a stream or river
downstream, you are likely to
come across a settlement.










Find south.

Use the Sun

As well as a compass, you can
use a watch and the Sun to find
south. Point your watch’s hour
hand at the Sun. The halfway
point between the hour hand
and 12 is south.
Find north.

Look at the lichen
Lichen and moss can help you get
your bearings, too. They usually
grow better on the north-facing
side of trees, as they like shade.


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